Introduction
This study investigated whether
emotional facial expressions can be accurately identified in peripheral vision,
how much recognition is impaired relative to central vision, and what
mechanisms account for the recognition advantage of some expressions. / In most
of the prior studies, the face stimuli have been presented at fixation and thus
available to foveal vision. However, little is known about facial expression processing in the visual periphery
before the faces are fixated. / This issue is theoretically important because
it deals with the processing of social signals outside the focus of overt
attention with the low-resolution peripheral retina, the extent to which
expression encoding is affected by stimulus eccentricity, and how much
recognition performance varies with type of expression under impoverished
perceptual conditions. / This issue has also practical implications because, in
real-life social settings, faces often appear initially in the visual
periphery, among other objects or within a group of people. It would thus be highly beneficial if the cognitive system could extract
expression information before the eyes land on the face: This would facilitate
early attentional selection, orienting to, and processing of the most relevant
faces among the multiple, simultaneously occurring stimuli, and, as a
consequence, allow viewers to react promptly with preparatory adaptive behavior
to important social cues.
Original Article:
Facial expression recognition in
peripheral versus central vision: role of the eyes and the mouth
Readability Formula
|
Score
|
3.3
|
Grade Levels
A grade level (based on the USA
education system) is equivalent to the number of years of education a person
has had. Scores over 22 should generally be taken to mean graduate level text.
Readability Formula
|
Grade
|
21.5
|
|
26
|
|
17.9
|
|
18.6
|
|
23.1
|
|
Average Grade Level
|
21.4
|
Text
Statistics
Character Count
|
1,203
|
Syllable Count
|
417
|
Word Count
|
210
|
Sentence Count
|
6
|
Characters per Word
|
5.7
|
Syllables per Word
|
2.0
|
Words per Sentence
|
35.0
|
The role of official language
This
psychological research was published in 2013. The full title is also the
research topic-- “Facial expression recognition in peripheral versus central vision:
role of eyes and the mouth.” The main thesis is talking about “how peripheral
vision influence people to be identified.”As psychological research, it should
use official language to interpret theoretical approaches and analyze the
research results for some professional psychologists. As a science article
about “facial expression” in a magazine, it has arouse a wild public concern
because it is a popular topic which really close to our daily life that every
day we have chances to meet new friends and we desire to know how to use our
facial expression to give other people a good impression. From this research,
the author wanted the readers to know not only how their five sense organs
influence their facial expression, but also how to use their facial expression
to get this good impression. Searching some information about the main readers
of this psychological research, it was popular in people who want to find a job
these days or want to improve their social competence because by learning how
to use facial expression, they can learn how to make a friendly expression and
make other people feel comfortable. Considering about the different audience just
like learners or jodhunters, researchers will know it
is not easy to write only use one kind of language.
This research
was finished by three famous scientists who are also the professors in the
universities, and they have published a lot of papers and researches before. They
are good at analyzing the face perception and the connection with social work.
At the first page, their information is in the footnotes which include their
working locations and their e-mail addresses. The research was based on their
working places—universities which would provide enough theoretical support and technical
assistance. From the “Acknowledgments” before the reference page, the authors
expressed gratitude to the company which gave the financial support, and the
funds which helped the research to get more professional equipments and
results. This background made this research full of authority. Authors for
readers to consider, they give their e-mail addresses in order to get the
feedback and questions from the readers. This is the follow-up step for a
science research.
The research
includes three main parts, abstract, introduction and experiments. The abstract
part focuses on the whole research’s results. If people don’t have enough time
to read the whole research or they want to judge whether the research will
supply the knowledge which they want to learn, this abstract part is a good
choice to read because they can get the abstract points of the article, and it
will help them to think about whether they need to continue to read it. Short
languages are the best choices to use for conclusions because conclusions need
to be clear, short and easy to understand. Experiment part focuses on the
concrete steps for experiment and the comparison for the results. This part which
includes research methods, procedures, measures and results, is prepared for
some professional learners. It concludes some mathematical linguistics and
graphical analysis. I choose “Introduction” -----the most important part of the
research because it includes the general summary of the experimental purpose
and value of the research. As the first part read by readers, introduction needs describe the psychological research
clearly because there are many scientific language descriptions in the research
which is difficult to understand as an unprofessional reader. Authority and
scientificity are necessary for a psychological research because it decides
whether people want to read or not and how much they want to believe. A good introduction
will attract more readers to read it. Language in this part needs to be more
forma,l and official language will help to achieve the goal because using
official language will get rid of the personal view of authors and increase its
professional. The most efficient way to use official language is using
impersonal and passive words. Sometimes, “professional words” can also help us
get more authority. Even though we need to use official language when we write
a research, it doesn’t mean that we need to make every sentence into official
language. In my opinion, when we write research, we need use official language
as main part, but some short and simple language to explain some issue more
clearly.
I separate
this Introduction into four parts and indicate them with “/”. First
part is talking about the purposes of the research. This is a long sentence
which includes three clauses to indicate the subtitle of the research. The
character of this sentence is “easy to learn.” This sentence doesn’t obey the
rule of official language because it is a long sentence but it is easy to read.
In order for different people’s reading levels, some simple sentences will get
an efficient work. A part of readers are
not professional learners or scientists, and they are not interested in how to
proof this result. They just want to know how to get a better facial
expression. So some direct language plays an important role. Revealing all
specific research database for professional psychologists is important, it is
also necessary to use simple words to explain the whole research to the people
who are just interested in this research. When students write some research, they
would like to try our best using some official language. They make all sentences
complex and difficult to read. Actually, short sentence make the article more clearly.
So this beginning summary is necessary to give specific description to all
readers.
The second
part points some unknown knowledge about facial expression which attract the
readers to continue to read. The author begins with “The most of the prior
studies”, this sentence can increase the authority of this psychological
research because this is an objective evidence. Authority is one way to show
official style. This sentence is regarded as an obvious evidence or knowledge
and increase the reliability of the text. Next sentence begins with “little is
known,” this is a typical official style which is changed from “we know little
about.” In order to increasing the authority of the research, we need to use
passive voice like this, especially impersonal. Passive voice directly connects
with authority because passive voice helps authors to get rid of the first
person. When we use too much first person, it will make the research more like
a personal analysis but not a scientific study. Using the passive voice is the
simplest way to make a common voice to official language. This is so important
because we need to share the results from the science perspective but not a
personal view. Nobody will believe a research which has no scientific evidence.
The third part
is talking about the importance of the study. It began with “This issue is
theoretically important.” This is also a official style because the formal
style is “ This issue is important in the theory.” The word “theoretically” is
not common to a speech, it is a written word used increase the authority of
this research. In common life, we won’t communicate with this high level
adverb. When we change theory to the form of adverb, we make the sentence more
complex because we add more modifiers. This whole sentence is a totally complex
sentence because it is long and full of many structures.
The forth part is talking about the value of
this research. It is a common way to use official language, like “It would be
highly beneficial…” We are used to talking like “we will get benefit when we…”
From this transfer, we can see the author uses official language often,
especially he focuses on the impersonal. Decreasing some subjective description
is a good choice in a research article.
From this
psychological research, I get some conclusions. First, official language is
necessary when we write some papers, reviews or critiques, but we need to
connect official language with simple language. Trying to make all sentences
become official sentences is not a perfect choice. Second, passive voice is the
simplest way to use official language. We need to explain some ideas from
objective perspective. Just like the example, “we know little about that”, we
transfer it to “little is known that.” We get rid of the word “we” to make the
sentence more authority and powerful. In the research, there are many data
analysis and math equations. So a clear introduction helps readers to
understand it well. The only question is about the difference between abstract
and introduction I think there are some same ideas in abstract and introduction.
Both of them include some general ideas about the whole research but the author
still want to separate them. It seems to be a conflict of the research. I think
the difference is that abstract use simple language for the whole part, so from
this view, how to distribute the official language part and plain English part
in a psychological research? In a psychological research, why does the author
choose to use official language? Do you think that someday the official
language will be replaced and we can use a simple way to show some results?
For the whole
research, we can see even it is a professional psychological research, it still
clear for all readers because the author is good at choosing language. It has
the part which prepared for common readers and the part for professional
learners. It has a high value in today’s society because people in today’s
society pay more attention on their appearance especially on their face. We can
also read the value of the official language. Official language helps the
professional paper become more efficient and get more power.
ZEYAO WU
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